Showing posts with label Phys.org: Physics News. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Phys.org: Physics News. Show all posts
By means of special metamaterials, light and sound can be passed around objects. KIT researchers now succeeded in demonstrating that the same materials can also be used to specifically influence the propagation of heat. A structured plate of copper and silicon conducts heat around a central area without the edge being affected. The results are presented in the Physical Review Letters journal.



via Phys.org: Physics News http://phys.org/news/2013-05-invisibility-cloak-thermal.html
Preterm infants appear to mature better if they are shielded from most wavelengths of visible light, from violet to orange. But it has been a challenge to develop a controllable light filter for preterm incubators that can switch between blocking out all light—for sleeping—and all but red light to allows medical staff and parents to check up on the kids when they're awake. Now, in a paper accepted for publication in Applied Physics Letters, a journal of the American Institute of Physics, researchers describe a proof-of-concept mirror that switches between reflective and red-transparent states when a small voltage is applied.



via Phys.org: Physics News http://phys.org/news/2013-05-solid-state-filter-preterm-infants-disturbing.html
Improving our understanding of the human brain, gathering insights into the origin of our universe through the detection of gravitational waves, or optimizing the precision of GPS systems- all are difficult challenges to master because they require the ability to visualize highly fragile elements, which can be terminally damaged by any attempt to observe them. Now, quantum physics has provided a solution. In an article published in Nature Photonics, researchers at the Institute of Photonic Sciences (ICFO) report the observation of a highly fragile and volatile body through a new quantum-mechanical measurement technique.



via Phys.org: Physics News http://phys.org/news/2013-05-physicists-non-destructive-technique-atomic-scale.html
Asbestos was once called a miracle material because of its toughness and fire-resistant properties. It was used as insulation, incorporated into cement and even woven into firemen's protective clothing. Over time, however, scientists pinned the cause of lung cancers such as mesothelioma on asbestos fiber inhalation. Asbestos was banned in the many industrialized countries in the 1980s, but the threat lingers on in the ceilings, walls and floors of old buildings and homes. Now a team of researchers from the University of Hertfordshire in the U.K. has developed and tested the first portable, real-time airborne asbestos detector. They hope that the prototype, described in a paper published today in the Optical Society's (OSA) open-access journal Optics Express, will be commercialized in the U.K. in the next few years, providing roofers, plumbers, electricians and other workers in commercial and residential buildings with an affordable way to quickly identify if they have inadvertently disturbed asbestos fibers into the air.



via Phys.org: Physics News http://phys.org/news/2013-05-on-site-asbestos-detector-workplace-safety.html
A quantum computer is controlled by the laws of quantum physics; it promises to perform complicated calculations, or search large amounts of data, at a speed that exceeds by far those that today's fastest supercomputers are capable of.



via Phys.org: Physics News http://phys.org/news/2013-04-success-nuclear-quantum-closer.html
(Phys.org) —Mathematics is, in essence, an artificial language for precisely articulating theories about the physical world. Unlike natural language, however, translating different classes of mathematics can be difficult at best. Such is the case encountered in the attempt to unify general relativity and quantum theory, since they are expressed in differential geometry and functional analysis, respectively. That being said, spectral geometry – a field in mathematics which concerns relationships between geometric structures of manifolds and spectra of canonically defined differential operators – may resolve this long-standing quandary by allowing spacetime to be treated as simultaneously continuous and discrete, essentially relating the frequency-based ringing of the fabric of spacetime to its manifold-based shape. Recently, scientists at California Institute of Technology, Princeton University, University of Waterloo, and University of Queensland normalized and segmented spectral geometry into small, finite-dimensional steps. They then demonstrated their approach of calculating the shapes of two-dimensional objects from their vibrational spectra as being viable in two, and possibly more, dimensions.



via Phys.org: Physics News http://phys.org/news/2013-04-gravity-lingua-franca-relativity-quantum.html
(Phys.org) —New research shows that movement of the ring-like molecule pyrrole over a metal surface runs counter to the centuries-old laws of 'classical' physics that govern our everyday world.



via Phys.org: Physics News http://phys.org/news/2013-04-movement-pyrrole-molecules-defy-classical.html
(Phys.org) —Nano-sized crystals of magnetic material can be found in a wide variety of organisms. Among the most studied are magnetotactic bacteria, which can orient and navigate using biosynthesized magnetosomes. These organelles are made from iron oxide or iron sulphide particles and may eventually have many therapeutic applications. When used in conjunction with new MRI-based methods, they can potentially be used as contrast agents or magnetic labels in imaging, or for drug delivery and local hyperthermic heating in treatment. A better understanding of how these magnetosomes are biomineralized, and how the three-dimensional fields that originate from them are structured is essential to achieve these goals. A new report this week in Nature describes an optical magnetic imaging technique that can be used to map magnetic field variations on the nanoscale. The author's wide-field microscopy technique allows parallel optical and magnetic imaging of many individual cells across a field of 100 microns or more.



via Phys.org: Physics News http://phys.org/news/2013-04-optical-magnetic-microscope-high-resolution-wide-field.html
Streetlights illuminate the night, shining upon roadways and sidewalks across the world, but these ubiquitous elements of the urban environment are notoriously inefficient and major contributors to light pollution that washes out the night sky. Recent innovations in light emitting diodes (LEDs) have improved the energy efficiency of streetlights, but, until now, their glow still wastefully radiated beyond the intended area. A team of researchers from Taiwan and Mexico has developed a new lighting system design that harnesses high-efficiency LEDs and ensures they shine only where they're needed, sparing surrounding homes and the evening sky from unwanted illumination. The team reported their findings today in the Optical Society's (OSA) open-access journal Optics Express.



via Phys.org: Physics News http://phys.org/news/2013-04-streetlight-curbs-pollution.html
(Phys.org) —Researchers from North Carolina State University have solved a long-standing materials science problem, making it possible to create new semiconductor devices using zinc oxide (ZnO) – including efficient ultraviolet (UV) lasers and LED devices for use in sensors and drinking water treatment, as well as new ferromagnetic devices.



via Phys.org: Physics News http://phys.org/news/2013-04-door-zinc-oxide-based-uv-lasers-devices.html
(Phys.org) —Ultrafast high-resolution imaging in real time could be a reality with a new research discovery led by the University of Melbourne.



via Phys.org: Physics News http://phys.org/news/2013-04-discovery-paves-ultra-fast-high.html
(Phys.org) —In most demonstrations of quantum teleportation between remote atomic qubits, the atoms exist in free space. In a new study, scientists have discovered that trapping the atoms in optical cavities can overcome some of the previous obstacles facing matter teleportation, which enables an improvement in efficiency of almost 5 orders of magnitude and teleportation across a record-breaking distance of 21 m. These improvements in quantum teleportation could open the doors to realizing quantum networks with many nodes for teleporting qubits to various destinations.



via Phys.org: Physics News http://phys.org/news/2013-04-physicists-quantum-teleportation-qubits.html
(Phys.org) —A combined team of researchers from the Technical University of Braunschweig in Germany and Kobe University in Japan has determined that the Brazil nut effect is less pronounced as gravity is reduced. The team describes tests they undertook both in the lab and as part of a simulated reduced gravity environment aboard an airplane in their paper they've uploaded to the preprint server arXiv, and the results they found after analyzing their observations.



via Phys.org: Physics News http://phys.org/news/2013-04-brazil-nut-effect-gravity.html
Migrations happen for a reason, not randomly. A new study, based on computer simulation, attempts to explain the effect of so-called directional migration – migration for a reason – on cooperative behaviours and social cohesion. These results appear in a study about to be published in European Physical Journal B by Hongyan Cheng from Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications and colleagues.



via Phys.org: Physics News http://phys.org/news/2013-04-physicists-decipher-social-cohesion-issues.html
Superconductors are materials which conduct electric currents without any resistance. At the Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, an international research team headed by Professor Andrea Cavalleri from the Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter managed to selectively influence this resistance-free conductivity with a powerful terahertz laser. This very precise laser light turns into a vortex which moves through the superconductor like a tsunami. The results will be published in the scientific journal Nature Materials.



via Phys.org: Physics News http://phys.org/news/2013-04-tsunami-superconductor.html
(Phys.org) —In 1936, Alan Turing showed that all computers are simply manifestations of an underlying logical architecture, no matter what materials they're made of. Although most of the computer's we're familiar with are made of silicon semiconductors, other computers have been made of DNA, light, legos, paper, and many other unconventional materials.



via Phys.org: Physics News http://phys.org/news/2013-03-artificial-muscle-universal-turing-machine.html
(Phys.org) —SLAC researchers have demonstrated for the first time how to produce pairs of X-ray laser pulses in slightly different wavelengths, or colors, with finely adjustable intervals between them – a feat that will allow them to watch molecular motion as it unfolds and explore other ultrafast processes.



via Phys.org: Physics News http://phys.org/news/2013-03-x-ray-laser-pulses.html
A typical storage silo can hold several thousand tons of corn, seed, sawdust and other granular material. These particles funnel down through a hopper, or chute, into freight cars, which haul the material away for processing. But it's not uncommon for a chute to clog, and the only fix in many cases is for a worker to stand by the opening and break up the jam with a mallet. At other times, a worker may need to climb into the silo to loosen material from the walls—a dangerous task that can trigger a deadly avalanche.



via Phys.org: Physics News http://phys.org/news/2013-03-accurately-three-dimensional-sand.html
A Swedish research team has successfully created a magnetic soliton – a spin torque-generated nano-droplet that could lead to technological innovation in such areas as mobile telecommunications.



via Phys.org: Physics News http://phys.org/news/2013-03-magnetic-soliton-nano-droplet-discovery-opportunities.html
Scientists at the Department of Physics of the University of Oulu have teamed up with scientists in France, Russia and Japan to propose a new experimental method for researching positively charged ions. The study, In the Finnish side carried out by postdoctoral researcher Saana-Maija Huttula and Professor Marko Huttula in Oulu, was published in Physical Review Letters on 12 March 2013. The study involved investigating the electronic structure of the argon ions using synchrotron radiation. The proposed theoretical simulations were done using methods developed by an electron spectroscopy research group based at the University of Oulu. The study was co-financed by the Academy of Finland.



via Phys.org: Physics News http://phys.org/news/2013-03-scientists-alternative-method-ions.html